POULTRY FARMING PRACTICE IN SINDH-PAKISTAN

POULTRY FARMING PRACTICE IN SINDH-PAKISTAN

By
Farzana Panhwar

Abstract

The population of the poultry in Pakistan in year 1971-72 was 17.7 million it rose into 80.3 million in just 10 years period from 1982-83. The poultry meat production was 14,000 raise to 75,000 tons. The number of egg was 583 million to 4,213 millions. Per capita availability was from 9 to 47. There are 8,000 commercial farms was in the country in the year 1982-83. In 1986 the poultry population in Pakistan was 57.5 million heads while in Sindh it was 8.7 million heads. In 1994-95 the total meat was 2.1 million tonnes/million out of which 308,000 tonnes was poultry meat. For the same year the egg production was 5,927 million. The poultry industry showed a 10% annual growth rate. This made Pakistan not only self-sufficient in poultry production but earning millions of dollars foreign exchange Gradually poultry industry has developed an investment base of about Rs.60 billion. Poultry industry proved to be an employment source of a large number of people, particularly to those living in the rural areas
.

In 1996 in Pakistan the poultry population was 63,198,000 heads, while in Sindh it was 11,549,000 heads. In year 1999-00 the poultry meat production was 322,000 tonnes/million, while egg production was 8,463,000 tonnes/millions.

Poultry meat is more common in Sindh due to poultry meat have less fat than beef or mutton we observe that. The size of egg and chicken will improve if light is provided in the sheds at the night time. Poultry waste have advantage that each 50 kg bag of dry material from digested effluent will be worth Rs.50,000 in term of nitrogen, phosphate and potash, assuming the present rates of fertiliser. These fertilisers become chelated and crops give much higher response to them than ordinary mannures and fertilisers.

Poultry meat is more common in Sindh due to poultry meat have less fat than beef or mutton we observe that. The size of egg and chicken will improve if light is provided in the sheds at the night time. Poultry waste have advantage that each 50 kg bag of dry material from digested effluent will be worth Rs.50,000 in term of nitrogen, phosphate and potash, assuming the present rates of fertiliser.
Our experience show that the four factors are the basic requirement of poultry farming these are

Floor space, feeder space, fountain (water space) fresh air space. The floor space requirement during brooding (First to 6 weeks), floor space requirement for adult birds (egg and meat type), floor space requirement for adult birds (breeder type), feeder space for adult birds, water space during brooding, water space for adult bird
In order to get good profit from poultry one must have good knowledge of poultry farming, better management skill. Know the balance diets for birds are able to take quick stand in case of diseases prevention and control.

We observe various constraints in meat and egg production in Pakistan these are:

• High rate of mortality due to contagious diseases and other diseases:
• Lack of disease diagnostic facilities.
• Deficient managerial and feeding practice.
• Lack of availability of better productive stock.
• Lack of trained staff in poultry husbandry.

The other drawback of poultry industry in Pakistan are:

High cost, low standard of commercial feed, poor management, poor housing facilities, high rate of infection and diseases, high rate of mortality due to lack of diagnostic laboratories, shortage of qualified veterinaries and high price of feed.

Some important aspect of poultry are as under:

Poultry feed.

Poultry is the most efficient converter of inedible proteins into edible. It converts 2.5 Ibs of feed in to one Ib of chicken and 2.46 Ibs of feed into one Ib of egg.

Chicken food consist of cereals (coarse grains), plant protein source, animal protein source, agro-based industrial by-products, vitamins, minerals, antibiotics, maize, sorghum, broken rice, fish meal, meat meal, blood meal, decorticated cotton seed meal, til cake, toria cake, corn gluten meal, guar meal, ground-nut cake, sun flower cake and soybean meal.

Poultry feed is composed of carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins, about 40 different types of raw materials are also used in preparing the feed. Coccidiostats antioxidants, antibiotic, vitamins and minerals are needed to included in the diet. Dehydrated lucerne or alfalfa improve the quality of meat and egg in case of poultry.

Infection and diseases in poultry.

After contamination the organisms may enter the egg by one of the three ways:-

a) Drawn through the shell pores during periods of temperature differential.
b) Penetrate due to the mortality of the organisms.
c) Penetrate defective shells.

Diseases of poultry

These are mareck’s disease, Newcastle disease (Rani khet), coccidiosis, leucosis, salmonellosis and fowl pox while less important disease are: bronchitis, laryngiotracheitis and avian encephalomyelitis, spirochaetosis, mareck’s disease and fowl cholera.

In Pakistan three strains of Newcastle disease are used these are:

a) Newcastle disease virus (living) Lasota strain.
b) Newcastle disease virus (living) Mukteswar strain.
c) Newcastle disease virus (living) Komarov strain.

The vaccine prepared from all these strains contain live viruses of chick embryo origin in lyophilised form sealed under vacuum.

Unfortunartely, the recent bird flu rumours damaged the poulty industry in Pakistan. All the investors at samall and large levels lost a big portion of what they had earned in last 15-20 years.

Medicine used in poultry

These are as under:

• Phenothiazine powder: It removes stomach worms, tapeworms, Hook worms and Nodular worms in poultry.
• Oxytetracycline HCl injection: 100mg/ml PV.P and 50mg/ml. Pneumonia C.R.D.H.HS Anthrax, infections enteritis, Ricketsial, spirochaetosis and other infections in poultry.
• Sulphadimidine sodium injection: It controls bacterial, viral, Ricketisal and Protozoan diseases in poultry.
• Eg-grow granule feed: Deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, low egg production, soft shell eggs in poultry.
• Furazolidone 5% to 20%: Salmonellosis, pullorum, fowl typhoid, block head, infectious coryza, early chick mortility.
• Polyzol: (Thiasolucin solution 45%) for the treatment of infectious colds, coryza and cholera in poultry.
• Polymycine powder: (Antibiotic feed supplement) Bacterial infections and early chick mortality, to maintain vigour, health and production in poultry.
• Rasovit powder: (vitaminized feed supplement) vitamin deficiencies, stress, extra energy, growth and egg production in poultry.
• Pick-NOL: Antipicking paste, antivice preparation to check picking, biting and cannibalism antiseptic for wounds.
• E.Coli infections is controlled by Doxycycline at the rate of 2mg/litre of drinking water for 3-5 days.

In order to reduce the infection and diseases the extension worker can play a role so the work of extension should be as under.

a) To raise poultry productivity by dissemination of useful and practical information relating to poultry industry.
b) To raise the standard of living of farmers by the practical application of such knowledge to farm and home situation.
c) Farmer should be trained to provide proper feed, sanitation and correct doses of vaccination.
d) Steps are being taken for the supply of medicine, mass vaccination and treatment of poultry birds against major epidemic diseases in the country.

In order to bring poultry Farming into highly profitable business.

To revive this industry and to attract new investment, Pakistan Poultry Association requests and recommends the following to the government of Pakistan.

• 10 years tax holidays for new poultry-farming projects.
• Exemption of custom duty and sales tax on poultry related raw material and machinery.
• Interest free loans for the small poultry farmers.
• Specific relief on all the due loans of poultry farmers.
• Removal of all the obstracies in the way of export of poultry products.
• Exception from all local taxes.


We hope that these steps will revive the poultry industry in Pakistan.

Future research is needed in the following points.

• Develop breeding farm.
• Economical hatchery development.
• Better feeding mill.
• Good nutritional feeding formula.
• Develop broiler farm.
• Good freezing and cold storage facilities.
• Hygienic packing conditions.
• Proper control over disease and infections.
• Provide balanced and nutritive diet.

In future we have to popularise processing system which consist of following parts:

• Automatic supply system.
• Killing and de-feathering.
• Evisceration systems.
• Chilling system for air and water chill.
• Electronic weighing and grading lines.
• Packing lines.
• Automatic portioning equipment and lines.
• Automatic breast filleters.
• Automatic re-hang of products to other processing lines.
• Vacuum offal transport systems.

In future.

We need to:

• Strengthening the poultry extension service and poultry husbandry techniques.
• Mass vaccination to birds in village against contagious diseases also render treatment, disease diagnostic facilities.
• Supply better breeds for multiplication and cross-breeding.
• Strengthening training facilities on different aspects of poultry farming.

Conclusion.

We have to improve feed, introduce new techniques for marketing, provide better living conditions, better facilities for cold storage of meat, to develop cheap feeding formula and better planning for poultry industry include feed, market, climate and infrastructure.

Author: Farzana Panhwar (Mrs)
Address: 157-C, Unit No.2, Latifabad, Hyderabad
(Sindh), Pakistan.
E-mail: farzanapanhwar@hotmail.com
Farzanapanhwar@yahoo.com
Fax: 92-21-5830826 and 92-221-860410